Evidence & Sources

Every study, guideline, report, and community source cited across the site — and where each is used.

Peer-reviewed studies

Effect of exercise intensity on abdominal fat loss during calorie restriction in overweight and obese postmenopausal women
American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2009
Cited in What a calorie deficit is, and how to find a healthy one for yourself on a GLP-1
Efficacy and Safety of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists for Weight Loss Among Adults Without Diabetes
Annals of Internal Medicine, 2025
Cited in GI side effects on a GLP-1: nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and constipation
Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists and muscle strength changes in older adults: Risks beyond muscle mass reductions
British Journal of Pharmacology, 2026
Cited in Why strength training matters on a GLP-1
Tirzepatide did not impact metabolic adaptation in people with obesity, but increased fat oxidation
Cell Metabolism, 2025
Cited in Why are Protein, Fat, and Carbohydrates important?, What a calorie deficit is, and how to find a healthy one for yourself on a GLP-1
Medical nutrition in the glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) era: Protein strategies, micronutrient monitoring, and lean mass preservation
Clinical Nutrition ESPEN, 2026
Cited in Why are Protein, Fat, and Carbohydrates important?
Unmasking Semaglutide-Induced Gastroparesis: The Dangers of Rapid Dose Escalation in a Diabetic Patient
Cureus, 2025
Cited in Kidney injury risk from dehydration on a GLP-1, Why hydration matters on a GLP-1: effects on weight loss and side effects
Incretin-Based Weight Loss Pharmacotherapy: Can Resistance Exercise Optimize Changes in Body Composition?
Diabetes Care, 2024
Cited in Why strength training matters on a GLP-1
Real-world evidence on the utilization, clinical and comparative effectiveness, and adverse effects of newer GLP-1RA-based weight-loss therapies
Diabetes, Obesity & Metabolism, 2025
Cited in The cardiovascular benefits of GLP-1 medications
Comparison of two nutritional protocols in body re-composition of resistance-trained participants
European Journal of Applied Physiology, 2026
Cited in Weight loss vs. body recomposition goals on a GLP-1
Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists for the treatment of type 2 diabetes: differences and similarities
European Journal of Internal Medicine, 2014
Cited in What is suppression, satiation, and satiety on a GLP-1?
Immediate pre-meal water ingestion decreases voluntary food intake in lean young males
European Journal of Nutrition, 2015
Cited in Why hydration matters on a GLP-1: effects on weight loss and side effects
The association between glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) and suicidality: reports to the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS)
Expert Opinion on Drug Safety, 2023
Cited in Mood changes and anhedonia on a GLP-1: what the research shows
Investigating nutrient intake during use of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist: a cross-sectional study
Frontiers in Nutrition, 2025
Cited in Why are Protein, Fat, and Carbohydrates important?
Restoring Satiety After GLP-1/GIP Pharmacotherapy: Metabolic Stability, Diet Quality, and the Gut Microbiota
International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 2026
Cited in What is suppression, satiation, and satiety on a GLP-1?
Association of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonist Use With Risk of Gallbladder and Biliary Diseases
JAMA Internal Medicine, 2022
Cited in Gallbladder disease and gallstones on a GLP-1
Reliability and Agreement of Various InBody Body Composition Analyzers as Compared to Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry in Healthy Men and Women
Journal of Clinical Densitometry, 2018
Cited in DXA scans for tracking progress on a GLP-1: what they are, how they compare to BIA, and how to get one
Approach to the Patient With Thyroid Nodules: Considering GLP-1 Receptor Agonists
Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 2025
Cited in The thyroid C-cell tumor warning: what it means and who it applies to
Insulin delivery device technology 2012: where are we after 90 years?
Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology, 2012
Cited in The history of GLP-1 auto-injectors: benefits over vials, and auto-injectors vs. dial pens
Cardiovascular Effects and Tolerability of GLP-1 Receptor Agonists: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of 99,599 Patients
Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 2025
Cited in The cardiovascular benefits of GLP-1 medications, Gallbladder disease and gallstones on a GLP-1, Pancreatitis and GLP-1 medications: warning signs and when to seek emergency care, Kidney injury risk from dehydration on a GLP-1
Segmental fat-free mass and lean soft mass: a comparative study with DXA, BIA and anthropometry
Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 2025
Cited in DXA scans for tracking progress on a GLP-1: what they are, how they compare to BIA, and how to get one
Dietary intake patterns and nutritional adequacy among adults with overweight or obesity treated with GLP-1 or dual GIP/GLP-1 receptor agonists
Journal of Translational Medicine, 2026
Cited in Why are Protein, Fat, and Carbohydrates important?, What a calorie deficit is, and how to find a healthy one for yourself on a GLP-1
Long-term kidney outcomes of semaglutide in obesity and cardiovascular disease in the SELECT trial
Nature Medicine, 2024
Cited in The cardiovascular benefits of GLP-1 medications
Molecular connectomics reveals a glucagon-like peptide 1-sensitive neural circuit for satiety
Nature Metabolism, 2024
Cited in What is suppression, satiation, and satiety on a GLP-1?
Liraglutide and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes (LEADER trial)
New England Journal of Medicine, 2016
Cited in The cardiovascular benefits of GLP-1 medications
Nutrition and Physical Activity in Optimizing Weight Loss and Lean Mass Preservation in the Incretin-Based Medications Era: A Narrative Review
Nutrients, 2025
Cited in Why strength training matters on a GLP-1
Appetite Suppression by GLP-1 Receptor Agonists: Role of Delayed Gastric Emptying
Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.), 2026
Cited in What is suppression, satiation, and satiety on a GLP-1?
Application of nutrition interventions with GLP-1 based therapies: A narrative review of the challenges and solutions
Obesity Pillars, 2025
Cited in Why are Protein, Fat, and Carbohydrates important?
Dietary supplement considerations during glucagon-like Peptide-1 receptor agonist treatment: A narrative review
Obesity Pillars, 2025
Cited in Why are Protein, Fat, and Carbohydrates important?
Efficacy of water preloading before main meals as a strategy for weight loss in primary care patients with obesity: RCT
Obesity, 2015
Cited in Why hydration matters on a GLP-1: effects on weight loss and side effects
Preservation of lean soft tissue during weight loss induced by GLP-1 and GLP-1/GIP receptor agonists: A case series
SAGE Open Medical Case Reports, 2025
Cited in Why strength training matters on a GLP-1
GLP-1 therapies and hair loss: A systematic review of current evidence and implications for counseling
Science Progress, 2026
Cited in Hair loss on a GLP-1: what the evidence actually shows
Hedonic eating is controlled by dopamine neurons that oppose GLP-1R satiety
Science, 2025
Cited in What is suppression, satiation, and satiety on a GLP-1?
Comparison of whole body bone mineral density measurements between DXA and novel bioelectrical impedance analysis
Scientific Reports, 2024
Cited in DXA scans for tracking progress on a GLP-1: what they are, how they compare to BIA, and how to get one
Tirzepatide for maintenance of bodyweight reduction in people with obesity in the USA (SURMOUNT-MAINTAIN)
The Lancet, 2026
Cited in The history of GLP-1 medications: every approved drug, who made them, and what's coming next

Clinical guidelines

Optimizing GLP-1 therapies for obesity and diabetes management
Obesity Pillars, 2025
Cited in Why strength training matters on a GLP-1