Evidence & Sources

Every study, guideline, report, and community source cited across the site — and where each is used.

Peer-reviewed studies

The effects of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP1-RAs) on alcohol-related outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis (external link)
Addiction Science & Clinical Practice
Cited in Alcohol on a GLP-1: what changes, and why tolerance often drops
Once-weekly subcutaneous semaglutide 2.4 mg for weight management (efficacy based on the STEP 1 trial) (external link)
Advances in Therapy (Sandhu et al., 2023) — via PubMed
Cited in GLP-1 microdosing: what it means, why people do it, and what the evidence actually says
11-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (HSD11B1) gene expression in muscle is linked to reduced skeletal muscle index in sarcopenic patients (external link)
Aging Clinical and Experimental Research
Cited in Cortisol, stress, and weight on a GLP-1: what the connection really is
The effects of calorie restriction, intermittent fasting and vegetarian diets on bone health (external link)
Aging Clinical and Experimental Research (2019)
Cited in Supplements on a GLP-1 journey: what actually helps, and why food comes first
Psyllium is superior to docusate sodium for treatment of chronic constipation (external link)
Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics (1998)
Cited in Supplements on a GLP-1 journey: what actually helps, and why food comes first
Gastrointestinal complications of diabetes (external link)
American Family Physician
Cited in Myth: you must avoid certain foods on a GLP-1
Effect of exercise intensity on abdominal fat loss during calorie restriction in overweight and obese postmenopausal women (external link)
American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
Cited in What a calorie deficit is, and how to find a healthy one for yourself on a GLP-1
The role of protein in weight loss and maintenance (external link)
American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
Cited in Why are Protein, Fat, and Carbohydrates important?, GLP-1 myths vs. facts: what the media and social feeds get wrong, Supplements on a GLP-1 journey: what actually helps, and why food comes first, High-protein meals and snacks when your appetite is low on a GLP-1, Protein quality: how to spot it on a nutrition label, and why it matters for muscle
Effects of GLP-1 receptor agonists on testicular dysfunction: A systematic review and meta-analysis (external link)
Andrology
Cited in Men's health on a GLP-1: testosterone, fertility, muscle, and the things worth watching, How GLP-1 medications affect men vs. women: what the sex differences actually are
Insufficient sleep undermines dietary efforts to reduce adiposity (external link)
Annals of Internal Medicine
Cited in Sleep quality on a GLP-1: why it matters, what changes, and the sleep apnea connection
Efficacy and Safety of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists for Weight Loss Among Adults Without Diabetes (external link)
Annals of Internal Medicine, 2025
Cited in GI side effects on a GLP-1: nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and constipation
A practical and precise approach to quantification of body composition in cancer patients using computed tomography images acquired during routine care (external link)
Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism, 2008
Cited in Does loose skin throw off your DXA, BIA, or Seca body-composition results?
Decoding the hallmarks of GLP-1RA weight-loss super-responders (external link)
Biology Methods and Protocols
Cited in GLP-1 super-responders (and non-responders): why weight loss varies so much
Weight stigma, policy initiatives, and harnessing social media to elevate activism (external link)
Body Image
Cited in "Taking a GLP-1 is cheating": where the myth comes from, and what the evidence says
Efficacy and Safety of GLP-1 Agonists for Psychiatric Symptoms: A Systematic Review (external link)
Brain and Behavior
Cited in GLP-1 medications and anxiety: what the evidence shows, and what to watch
GLP-1 Receptor Agonists and Related Mental Health Issues: Insights from Social Media Platforms Using a Mixed-Methods Approach (external link)
Brain Sciences
Cited in GLP-1 medications and anxiety: what the evidence shows, and what to watch
The efficacy of Phaseolus vulgaris as a weight-loss supplement: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised clinical trials (external link)
British Journal of Nutrition
Cited in Cortisol, stress, and weight on a GLP-1: what the connection really is
Values for digestible indispensable amino acid scores (DIAAS) for some dairy and plant proteins may better describe protein quality than PDCAAS (external link)
British Journal of Nutrition
Cited in Protein quality: how to spot it on a nutrition label, and why it matters for muscle
Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists and muscle strength changes in older adults: Risks beyond muscle mass reductions (external link)
British Journal of Pharmacology, 2026
Cited in Why strength training matters on a GLP-1
Mechanisms of Action and Therapeutic Application of Glucagon-like Peptide-1 (external link)
Cell Metabolism
Cited in How GLP-1 medications work, in plain language
Tirzepatide did not impact metabolic adaptation in people with obesity, but increased fat oxidation (external link)
Cell Metabolism, 2025
Cited in Do TDEE calculators still work after big weight loss on a GLP-1?, What a calorie deficit is, and how to find a healthy one for yourself on a GLP-1, Why are Protein, Fat, and Carbohydrates important?
The anabolic response to protein ingestion during recovery from exercise has no upper limit in magnitude and duration in vivo in humans (external link)
Cell Reports Medicine
Cited in "Your body can only use 30g of protein per meal": what the research actually says
Beyond Diabetes: Semaglutide's Role in Modulating Mood Disorders through Neuroinflammation Pathways (external link)
Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology
Cited in GLP-1 medications and anxiety: what the evidence shows, and what to watch
Psychiatric and psychological adverse effects associated with dulaglutide, semaglutide, and liraglutide: a VigiBase study (external link)
Clinical Nutrition
Cited in GLP-1 medications and anxiety: what the evidence shows, and what to watch
Medical nutrition in the glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) era: Protein strategies, micronutrient monitoring, and lean mass preservation (external link)
Clinical Nutrition ESPEN
Cited in Why are Protein, Fat, and Carbohydrates important?
Precision, least significant change and validity of body composition estimates from bioelectrical impedance analysis, 3D-optical scanning, and dual X-ray absorptiometry (external link)
Clinical Nutrition ESPEN, 2026
Cited in Reading your DXA results over time: tracking fat vs. lean mass on a GLP-1
Resistance training during a 12-week protein supplemented VLCD treatment enhances weight-loss outcomes in obese patients (external link)
Clinical Nutrition, 2018
Cited in A beginner's resistance-training plan on a GLP-1: sets, reps, and progression
Comparison of the Discovery A and Stratos DR densitometers for assessing whole-body and regional bone mineral density and body composition (external link)
Clinical Physiology and Functional Imaging, 2023
Cited in Reading your DXA results over time: tracking fat vs. lean mass on a GLP-1
Effect of Glucagon-Like-Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists (GLP-1 RA) on Neuropsychiatric Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (external link)
Clinical Therapeutics
Cited in GLP-1s and a history of disordered eating: what the evidence says about safety
Acute Small Bowel Obstruction Induced by Tirzepatide (Mounjaro) (external link)
Cureus
Cited in Myth: you must avoid certain foods on a GLP-1
The Role of Exenatide (a GLP-1 Receptor Agonist) in Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension and Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Case Report (external link)
Cureus
Cited in Women's health on a GLP-1: birth control, pregnancy, PCOS, bone, and the things worth watching
Cosmetic Procedures After Massive Weight Loss Surgery: A Guide for Prospective Patients (external link)
Cureus, 2024
Cited in Loose skin after GLP-1 weight loss: what actually helps and what's hype
Unmasking Semaglutide-Induced Gastroparesis: The Dangers of Rapid Dose Escalation in a Diabetic Patient (external link)
Cureus, 2025
Cited in Kidney injury risk from dehydration on a GLP-1, Why hydration matters on a GLP-1: effects on weight loss and side effects, Electrolytes on a GLP-1: when plain water isn't enough, How GLP-1 titration schedules work
Gut hormones and appetite regulation (external link)
Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes (Hong & Choi, 2024) — via PubMed
Cited in Can you boost GLP-1 naturally? How food and lifestyle compare to the medications
Pharmacological Treatment of Body Dysmorphic Disorder (external link)
Current Neuropharmacology
Cited in Body-image lag after weight loss vs. body dysmorphia: how to tell the difference
Health Consequences of Weight Stigma: Implications for Obesity Prevention and Treatment (external link)
Current Obesity Reports
Cited in "Taking a GLP-1 is cheating": where the myth comes from, and what the evidence says
Regeneration or Risk? A Narrative Review of BPC-157 for Musculoskeletal Healing (external link)
Current Reviews in Musculoskeletal Medicine
Cited in "Research peptides" and GLP-1 medications: what they are, and what the label doesn't tell you
GLP-1 Receptor Agonists and the Risk of Thyroid Cancer (external link)
Diabetes Care (2023)
Cited in GLP-1 myths vs. facts: what the media and social feeds get wrong
Incretin-Based Weight Loss Pharmacotherapy: Can Resistance Exercise Optimize Changes in Body Composition? (external link)
Diabetes Care, 2024
Cited in Protein quality: how to spot it on a nutrition label, and why it matters for muscle, Reading your DXA results over time: tracking fat vs. lean mass on a GLP-1, A beginner's resistance-training plan on a GLP-1: sets, reps, and progression, Why strength training matters on a GLP-1
Safety and Efficacy of Exenatide Once Weekly in Participants with Type 2 Diabetes and Stage 2/3 Chronic Kidney Disease (external link)
Diabetes Therapy
Cited in Why hydration matters on a GLP-1: effects on weight loss and side effects
Weight regain and cardiometabolic effects after withdrawal of semaglutide: the STEP 1 trial extension (external link)
Diabetes, Obesity & Metabolism
Cited in What to realistically expect on a GLP-1
Cardiovascular and kidney outcomes of GLP-1 receptor agonists in adults with obesity: A target trial emulation study (external link)
Diabetes, Obesity & Metabolism
Cited in Getting mental health support while on a GLP-1: finding a therapist and the challenges to name, Men's health on a GLP-1: testosterone, fertility, muscle, and the things worth watching, Women's health on a GLP-1: birth control, pregnancy, PCOS, bone, and the things worth watching, How GLP-1 medications affect men vs. women: what the sex differences actually are
Weight regain and cardiometabolic effects after withdrawal of semaglutide: the STEP 1 trial extension (external link)
Diabetes, Obesity & Metabolism (Wilding et al., 2022) — via PubMed
Cited in GLP-1 myths vs. facts: what the media and social feeds get wrong, Do GLP-1 receptors "burn out"? What long-term use actually does, Stopping a GLP-1: tapering, weight regain, and restarting safely, Common mistakes people make on GLP-1 medications — and how to avoid them
Real-world evidence on the utilization, clinical and comparative effectiveness, and adverse effects of newer GLP-1RA-based weight-loss therapies (external link)
Diabetes, Obesity & Metabolism, 2025
Cited in The cardiovascular benefits of GLP-1 medications
Pharmacological treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome in adults (external link)
Drug and Therapeutics Bulletin
Cited in Women's health on a GLP-1: birth control, pregnancy, PCOS, bone, and the things worth watching, How GLP-1 medications affect men vs. women: what the sex differences actually are
Phenotype tailored lifestyle intervention on weight loss and cardiometabolic risk factors in adults with obesity: a single-centre, non-randomised, proof-of-concept study (external link)
eClinicalMedicine
Cited in Obesity phenotypes: why "hungry gut" vs "hungry brain" may change your GLP-1 results
GLP-1 and Its Analogs: Does Sex Matter? (external link)
Endocrinology
Cited in How GLP-1 medications affect men vs. women: what the sex differences actually are, GLP-1 super-responders (and non-responders): why weight loss varies so much
Image Analyzer Study of the Skin in Patients With Morbid Obesity and Massive Weight Loss (external link)
Eplasty, 2015
Cited in Does loose skin throw off your DXA, BIA, or Seca body-composition results?
Efficacy, Safety and Tolerability of Lisdexamfetamine in Adults With Binge-Eating Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of RCTs (external link)
European Eating Disorders Review
Cited in GLP-1 medications and ADHD: what to know if you have both
Comparison of two nutritional protocols in body re-composition of resistance-trained participants (external link)
European Journal of Applied Physiology, 2026
Cited in Weight loss vs. body recomposition goals on a GLP-1
Body weight loss reverts obesity-associated hypogonadotropic hypogonadism: a systematic review and meta-analysis (external link)
European Journal of Endocrinology
Cited in HRT for men (testosterone) and GLP-1 medications: what the connection really is, Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) and GLP-1 medications: an overview
Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists for the treatment of type 2 diabetes: differences and similarities (external link)
European Journal of Internal Medicine, 2014
Cited in What is suppression, satiation, and satiety on a GLP-1?
Immediate pre-meal water ingestion decreases voluntary food intake in lean young males (external link)
European Journal of Nutrition
Cited in Why hydration matters on a GLP-1: effects on weight loss and side effects
Safety analysis of compounded GLP-1 receptor agonists: a pharmacovigilance study using the FDA adverse event reporting system (external link)
Expert Opinion on Drug Safety
Cited in "Research peptides" and GLP-1 medications: what they are, and what the label doesn't tell you, Pharmacy sources for GLP-1 medications: compounded, telehealth, and counterfeit risks
The association between glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) and suicidality: reports to the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) (external link)
Expert Opinion on Drug Safety, 2023
Cited in Mood changes and anhedonia on a GLP-1: what the research shows
Mechanisms of action and therapeutic applications of GLP-1 and dual GIP/GLP-1 receptor agonists (external link)
Frontiers in Endocrinology (Liu, 2024) — via PubMed
Cited in Can you boost GLP-1 naturally? How food and lifestyle compare to the medications, GLP-1 microdosing: what it means, why people do it, and what the evidence actually says
Analysis of Predictive Equations for Estimating Resting Energy Expenditure in a Large Cohort of Morbidly Obese Patients (external link)
Frontiers in Endocrinology, 2018
Cited in Do TDEE calculators still work after big weight loss on a GLP-1?
Investigating nutrient intake during use of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist: a cross-sectional study (external link)
Frontiers in Nutrition
Cited in Why are Protein, Fat, and Carbohydrates important?
Obesity Energetics: Body Weight Regulation and the Effects of Diet Composition (external link)
Gastroenterology
Cited in What a calorie deficit is, and how to find a healthy one for yourself on a GLP-1
A Subphenotype of Obesity With Reduced Enteroendocrine Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 Synthesis and Enhanced Tirzepatide Response (external link)
Gastroenterology
Cited in Obesity phenotypes: why "hungry gut" vs "hungry brain" may change your GLP-1 results
Body dysmorphic disorder: a treatment synthesis and consensus on behalf of the International College of Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum Disorders and the Obsessive Compulsive and Related Disorders Network of the ECNP (external link)
International Clinical Psychopharmacology
Cited in Body-image lag after weight loss vs. body dysmorphia: how to tell the difference
Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist semaglutide through the lens of psychiatry: a systematic review of potential benefits and risks (external link)
International Clinical Psychopharmacology
Cited in GLP-1s and a history of disordered eating: what the evidence says about safety
The risk of eating disorders comorbid with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis (external link)
International Journal of Eating Disorders
Cited in GLP-1 medications and ADHD: what to know if you have both
Restoring Satiety After GLP-1/GIP Pharmacotherapy: Metabolic Stability, Diet Quality, and the Gut Microbiota (external link)
International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 2026
Cited in What is suppression, satiation, and satiety on a GLP-1?
Association between gastrointestinal phenotypes and weight gain in younger adults: a prospective 4-year cohort study (external link)
International Journal of Obesity
Cited in Obesity phenotypes: why "hungry gut" vs "hungry brain" may change your GLP-1 results
Cumulative effect of obesity phenotypes on body weight and body mass index (external link)
International Journal of Obesity
Cited in Obesity phenotypes: why "hungry gut" vs "hungry brain" may change your GLP-1 results
Protein intake and lean body mass preservation during energy intake restriction in overweight older adults (external link)
International Journal of Obesity
Cited in High-protein meals and snacks when your appetite is low on a GLP-1
Adaptive thermogenesis in humans (external link)
International Journal of Obesity
Cited in Calories in, calories out: the energy balance behind a calorie deficit on a GLP-1
Precision medicine for obesity: current evidence and insights for personalization of obesity pharmacotherapy (external link)
International Journal of Obesity
Cited in Obesity phenotypes: why "hungry gut" vs "hungry brain" may change your GLP-1 results
Impact of 24-Hr Diet and Physical Activity Control on Short-Term Precision Error of Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry Physique Assessment (external link)
International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 2022
Cited in Reading your DXA results over time: tracking fat vs. lean mass on a GLP-1
Comparison of predictive equations for resting metabolic rate in healthy nonobese and obese adults: a systematic review (external link)
J Am Diet Assoc, 2005
Cited in Do TDEE calculators still work after big weight loss on a GLP-1?
Effect of Weekly Subcutaneous Semaglutide vs Daily Liraglutide on Body Weight in Adults With Overweight or Obesity Without Diabetes: The STEP 8 Randomized Clinical Trial (external link)
JAMA
Cited in Liraglutide (Victoza and Saxenda): how the daily GLP-1 differs
Continued Treatment With Tirzepatide for Maintenance of Weight Reduction in Adults With Obesity: The SURMOUNT-4 Randomized Clinical Trial. (external link)
JAMA
Cited in Stopping a GLP-1: tapering, weight regain, and restarting safely
Association of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonist Use With Risk of Gallbladder and Biliary Diseases (external link)
JAMA Internal Medicine, 2022
Cited in Gallbladder disease and gallstones on a GLP-1
Safety and Risk Assessment of No-Prescription Online Semaglutide Purchases (external link)
JAMA Network Open
Cited in Pharmacy sources for GLP-1 medications: compounded, telehealth, and counterfeit risks
Once-Weekly Semaglutide in Adults With Alcohol Use Disorder: A Randomized Clinical Trial (external link)
JAMA Psychiatry
Cited in Alcohol on a GLP-1: what changes, and why tolerance often drops
Exenatide once weekly for alcohol use disorder investigated in a randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial (external link)
JCI Insight
Cited in Alcohol on a GLP-1: what changes, and why tolerance often drops
GLP-1 receptor agonists and suicidality: A replication study using the WHO pharmacovigilance database (VigiBase) (external link)
Journal of Affective Disorders
Cited in Getting mental health support while on a GLP-1: finding a therapist and the challenges to name
Hair pulling disorder and skin picking disorder have relatively limited associations with negative emotionality: A meta-analytic comparison across obsessive-compulsive and related disorders (external link)
Journal of Anxiety Disorders
Cited in Body-image lag after weight loss vs. body dysmorphia: how to tell the difference
GLP-1 receptor agonists: A novel pharmacotherapy for binge eating (Binge eating disorder and bulimia nervosa)? A systematic review (external link)
Journal of Clinical & Translational Endocrinology
Cited in GLP-1s and a history of disordered eating: what the evidence says about safety
Reliability and Agreement of Various InBody Body Composition Analyzers as Compared to Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry in Healthy Men and Women (external link)
Journal of Clinical Densitometry, 2018
Cited in DXA scans for tracking progress on a GLP-1: what they are, how they compare to BIA, and how to get one, Does loose skin throw off your DXA, BIA, or Seca body-composition results?
Menopausal Hormone Therapy Is Associated With Reduced Total and Visceral Adiposity: The OsteoLaus Cohort (external link)
Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism
Cited in HRT for women and GLP-1 medications: menopause, weight, and body composition, Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) and GLP-1 medications: an overview
WHAM — A Prospective Study of Weight and Body Composition After Risk-Reducing Bilateral Salpingo-oophorectomy (external link)
Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism
Cited in HRT for women and GLP-1 medications: menopause, weight, and body composition
Approach to the Patient: Low Testosterone Concentrations in Men With Obesity (external link)
Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism
Cited in HRT for men (testosterone) and GLP-1 medications: what the connection really is
Approach to the Patient With Thyroid Nodules: Considering GLP-1 Receptor Agonists (external link)
Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 2025
Cited in The thyroid C-cell tumor warning: what it means and who it applies to
Comparison of GLP-1 Receptor Agonists, SGLT-2 Inhibitors, and DPP-4 Inhibitors as an Add-On Drug to Insulin Combined With Oral Hypoglycemic Drugs: Umbrella Review (external link)
Journal of Diabetes Research, 2024
Cited in GLP-1s with insulin or sulfonylureas: understanding hypoglycemia risk
Insulin delivery device technology 2012: where are we after 90 years? (external link)
Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology, 2012
Cited in The history of GLP-1 auto-injectors: benefits over vials, and auto-injectors vs. dial pens
GLP-1 Receptor Agonists: Encouraging Signals for Treating Alcohol Use Disorder (external link)
Journal of General Internal Medicine
Cited in Alcohol on a GLP-1: what changes, and why tolerance often drops
Multifactor Quality and Safety Analysis of Semaglutide Products Sold by Online Sellers Without a Prescription (external link)
Journal of Medical Internet Research
Cited in "Research peptides" and GLP-1 medications: what they are, and what the label doesn't tell you
The influence of lidocaine temperature on pain during subcutaneous injection (external link)
Journal of Plastic Surgery and Hand Surgery (Lundbom et al., 2016) — via PubMed
Cited in Shot day routines: how the GLP-1 community builds a weekly injection ritual
Complications following body contouring surgery after massive weight loss: a meta-analysis (external link)
Journal of Plastic, Reconstructive & Aesthetic Surgery, 2013
Cited in Loose skin after GLP-1 weight loss: what actually helps and what's hype
Retrospective chart review on psychiatric manifestations of GLP-1 agonist usage (external link)
Journal of Psychiatric Research
Cited in GLP-1 medications and anxiety: what the evidence shows, and what to watch
Maternal and Infant Health Outcomes Associated with Medical Nutrition Therapy by Registered Dietitian Nutritionists in Pregnant Women with Malnutrition: An Evidence Analysis Center Systematic Review (external link)
Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics
Cited in Nutritionist vs. dietitian: what's the difference, and who to see on a GLP-1
Cardiovascular Effects and Tolerability of GLP-1 Receptor Agonists: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of 99,599 Patients (external link)
Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 2025
Cited in Gallbladder disease and gallstones on a GLP-1, Pancreatitis and GLP-1 medications: warning signs and when to seek emergency care, Kidney injury risk from dehydration on a GLP-1, The thyroid C-cell tumor warning: what it means and who it applies to, The cardiovascular benefits of GLP-1 medications
Call to action for drug interactions between tirzepatide and heart failure guideline-directed medical therapy (external link)
Journal of the American Pharmacists Association
Cited in Why hydration matters on a GLP-1: effects on weight loss and side effects
Administration errors of compounded semaglutide reported to a poison control center — case series (external link)
Journal of the American Pharmacists Association (Lambson et al., 2023) — via PubMed
Cited in "Research peptides" and GLP-1 medications: what they are, and what the label doesn't tell you, Reading an insulin syringe: units, mL, and mg for compounded GLP-1 doses
How much protein can the body use in a single meal for muscle-building? Implications for daily protein distribution (external link)
Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition
Cited in "Your body can only use 30g of protein per meal": what the research actually says, Protein quality: how to spot it on a nutrition label, and why it matters for muscle
Segmental fat-free mass and lean soft mass: a comparative study with DXA, BIA and anthropometry (external link)
Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 2025
Cited in DXA scans for tracking progress on a GLP-1: what they are, how they compare to BIA, and how to get one, Does loose skin throw off your DXA, BIA, or Seca body-composition results?
Dietary intake patterns and nutritional adequacy among adults with overweight or obesity treated with GLP-1 or dual GIP/GLP-1 receptor agonists — preliminary study (external link)
Journal of Translational Medicine
Cited in What a calorie deficit is, and how to find a healthy one for yourself on a GLP-1, Why are Protein, Fat, and Carbohydrates important?
Body Composition Optimization in the Era of GLP-1-Based Pharmacotherapy for Obesity Management (external link)
Lifestyle Medicine, 2026
Cited in Why strength training matters on a GLP-1, DXA scans for tracking progress on a GLP-1: what they are, how they compare to BIA, and how to get one, Does loose skin throw off your DXA, BIA, or Seca body-composition results?, Weight loss vs. body recomposition goals on a GLP-1, Common mistakes people make on GLP-1 medications — and how to avoid them
GLP1 and GIP Receptor Agonists: Effects on the Gastrointestinal Tract and Management Strategies for Primary Care Physicians (external link)
Mayo Clinic Proceedings
Cited in Myth: you must avoid certain foods on a GLP-1
Semaglutide for the treatment of cognitive dysfunction in major depressive disorder: A randomized clinical trial (external link)
Med
Cited in Getting mental health support while on a GLP-1: finding a therapist and the challenges to name
Association of semaglutide with risk of suicidal ideation in a real-world cohort (external link)
Nature Medicine (2024)
Cited in GLP-1 myths vs. facts: what the media and social feeds get wrong
Two-year effects of semaglutide in adults with overweight or obesity: the STEP 5 trial (external link)
Nature Medicine (Garvey et al., 2022) — via PubMed
Cited in Do GLP-1 receptors "burn out"? What long-term use actually does
Long-term kidney outcomes of semaglutide in obesity and cardiovascular disease in the SELECT trial (external link)
Nature Medicine, 2024
Cited in The cardiovascular benefits of GLP-1 medications
Molecular connectomics reveals a glucagon-like peptide 1-sensitive neural circuit for satiety (external link)
Nature Metabolism, 2024
Cited in What is suppression, satiation, and satiety on a GLP-1?
Tirzepatide for the Treatment of Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Obesity (external link)
New England Journal of Medicine
Cited in Sleep quality on a GLP-1: why it matters, what changes, and the sleep apnea connection, Getting a sleep study: what to expect and how coverage works
Once-Weekly Semaglutide in Adults with Overweight or Obesity (STEP 1) (external link)
New England Journal of Medicine
Cited in Calories in, calories out: the energy balance behind a calorie deficit on a GLP-1, How GLP-1 medications work, in plain language, What to realistically expect on a GLP-1, Common GLP-1 side effects and how to manage them
Long-term persistence of hormonal adaptations to weight loss (external link)
New England Journal of Medicine
Cited in "Taking a GLP-1 is cheating": where the myth comes from, and what the evidence says
Tirzepatide Once Weekly for the Treatment of Obesity (SURMOUNT-1) (external link)
New England Journal of Medicine
Cited in How GLP-1 medications work, in plain language, What to realistically expect on a GLP-1, Common GLP-1 side effects and how to manage them
A Randomized, Controlled Trial of 3.0 mg of Liraglutide in Weight Management (SCALE Obesity and Prediabetes) (external link)
New England Journal of Medicine
Cited in Liraglutide (Victoza and Saxenda): how the daily GLP-1 differs
Once-Weekly Semaglutide in Adults with Overweight or Obesity (STEP 1) (external link)
New England Journal of Medicine (2021)
Cited in GLP-1 myths vs. facts: what the media and social feeds get wrong
Liraglutide and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes (LEADER trial) (external link)
New England Journal of Medicine, 2016
Cited in The cardiovascular benefits of GLP-1 medications
Semaglutide in Patients with Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction and Obesity (STEP-HFpEF trial) (external link)
New England Journal of Medicine, 2023
Cited in The cardiovascular benefits of GLP-1 medications
Semaglutide and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Obesity without Diabetes (SELECT trial) (external link)
New England Journal of Medicine, 2023
Cited in GLP-1 myths vs. facts: what the media and social feeds get wrong, The cardiovascular benefits of GLP-1 medications
Rehydration during Endurance Exercise: Challenges, Research, Options, Methods (external link)
Nutrients
Cited in Electrolytes on a GLP-1: when plain water isn't enough
Protein Distribution and Muscle-Related Outcomes: Does the Evidence Support the Concept? (external link)
Nutrients
Cited in "Your body can only use 30g of protein per meal": what the research actually says
The Short-Chain Fatty Acid Acetate in Body Weight Control and Insulin Sensitivity (external link)
Nutrients (González Hernández et al., 2019) — via PubMed
Cited in Can you boost GLP-1 naturally? How food and lifestyle compare to the medications
Prediction Equations Overestimate the Energy Requirements More for Obesity-Susceptible Individuals (external link)
Nutrients, 2017
Cited in Do TDEE calculators still work after big weight loss on a GLP-1?
Nutrition and Physical Activity in Optimizing Weight Loss and Lean Mass Preservation in the Incretin-Based Medications Era: A Narrative Review (external link)
Nutrients, 2025
Cited in Why strength training matters on a GLP-1
Metabolic adaptation is associated with less weight and fat mass loss in response to low-energy diets (external link)
Nutrition & Metabolism, 2021
Cited in Do TDEE calculators still work after big weight loss on a GLP-1?
Nutrient-rich, high-quality, protein-containing dairy foods in combination with exercise in aging persons to mitigate sarcopenia (external link)
Nutrition Reviews
Cited in "Your body can only use 30g of protein per meal": what the research actually says
Efficacy of water preloading before main meals as a strategy for weight loss in primary care patients with obesity: RCT (external link)
Obesity
Cited in Why hydration matters on a GLP-1: effects on weight loss and side effects
Hair cortisol and adiposity in a population-based sample of 2,527 men and women aged 54 to 87 years (external link)
Obesity
Cited in Cortisol, stress, and weight on a GLP-1: what the connection really is
Selection of Antiobesity Medications Based on Phenotypes Enhances Weight Loss: A Pragmatic Trial in an Obesity Clinic (external link)
Obesity
Cited in Obesity phenotypes: why "hungry gut" vs "hungry brain" may change your GLP-1 results
Appetite Suppression by GLP-1 Receptor Agonists: Role of Delayed Gastric Emptying (external link)
Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.), 2026
Cited in What is suppression, satiation, and satiety on a GLP-1?
Application of nutrition interventions with GLP-1 based therapies: A narrative review of the challenges and solutions (external link)
Obesity Pillars
Cited in Why are Protein, Fat, and Carbohydrates important?
Dietary supplement considerations during glucagon-like Peptide-1 receptor agonist treatment: A narrative review (external link)
Obesity Pillars
Cited in Why are Protein, Fat, and Carbohydrates important?
Testosterone and obesity (external link)
Obesity Reviews
Cited in HRT for men (testosterone) and GLP-1 medications: what the connection really is
Comparison of Histological Skin Changes After Massive Weight Loss in Post-bariatric and Non-bariatric Patients (external link)
Obesity Surgery, 2024
Cited in Loose skin after GLP-1 weight loss: what actually helps and what's hype
Effect of creatine supplementation during resistance training on lean tissue mass and muscular strength in older adults: a meta-analysis (external link)
Open Access Journal of Sports Medicine (2017)
Cited in Supplements on a GLP-1 journey: what actually helps, and why food comes first
The response of muscle protein synthesis following whole-body resistance exercise is greater following 40 g than 20 g of ingested whey protein (external link)
Physiological Reports
Cited in "Your body can only use 30g of protein per meal": what the research actually says, Protein quality: how to spot it on a nutrition label, and why it matters for muscle
Barley β-glucan improves metabolic condition via short-chain fatty acids produced by gut microbial fermentation (external link)
PLoS One (Miyamoto et al., 2018) — via PubMed
Cited in Can you boost GLP-1 naturally? How food and lifestyle compare to the medications
Are recent decreases in adult obesity trends in the United States encouraging or alarming? (external link)
Preventive Medicine
Cited in GLP-1s and a history of disordered eating: what the evidence says about safety
Impact of menstrual cycle phase on endocrine effects of partial sleep restriction in healthy women (external link)
Psychoneuroendocrinology
Cited in Cortisol, stress, and weight on a GLP-1: what the connection really is
Curbing the appetites and restoring the capacity for satisfaction: The impact of GLP-1 agonists on the reward circuitry (external link)
PubMed Central (review)
Cited in GLP-1 medications and ADHD: what to know if you have both
Adverse Effects of GLP-1 Receptor Agonists (external link)
Review of Diabetic Studies, 2015
Cited in GLP-1s with insulin or sulfonylureas: understanding hypoglycemia risk
Preservation of lean soft tissue during weight loss induced by GLP-1 and GLP-1/GIP receptor agonists: A case series (external link)
SAGE Open Medical Case Reports, 2025
Cited in Why strength training matters on a GLP-1
Energy deficiency impairs resistance training gains in lean mass but not strength: A meta-analysis and meta-regression (external link)
Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 2022
Cited in A beginner's resistance-training plan on a GLP-1: sets, reps, and progression
Role of nonexercise activity thermogenesis in resistance to fat gain in humans (external link)
Science
Cited in Calories in, calories out: the energy balance behind a calorie deficit on a GLP-1
GLP-1 therapies and hair loss: A systematic review of current evidence and implications for counseling (external link)
Science Progress, 2026
Cited in Hair loss on a GLP-1: what the evidence actually shows
Hedonic eating is controlled by dopamine neurons that oppose GLP-1R satiety (external link)
Science, 2025
Cited in What is suppression, satiation, and satiety on a GLP-1?
Semaglutide and Tirzepatide reduce alcohol consumption in individuals with obesity (external link)
Scientific Reports
Cited in Alcohol on a GLP-1: what changes, and why tolerance often drops
Comparison of whole body bone mineral density measurements between DXA and novel bioelectrical impedance analysis (external link)
Scientific Reports, 2024
Cited in DXA scans for tracking progress on a GLP-1: what they are, how they compare to BIA, and how to get one, Does loose skin throw off your DXA, BIA, or Seca body-composition results?
Even with diet and exercise, Ozempic use reduces perceived effort and praiseworthiness of resulting weight loss (external link)
Social Science & Medicine
Cited in "Taking a GLP-1 is cheating": where the myth comes from, and what the evidence says
Using Respiratory Gas Analyzers to Determine Resting Metabolic Rate in Adults: A Systematic Review of Validity Studies (external link)
Sports, 2025
Cited in Do TDEE calculators still work after big weight loss on a GLP-1?
Effects of exercise training on glucocorticoid-induced muscle atrophy: Literature review (external link)
Steroids
Cited in Cortisol, stress, and weight on a GLP-1: what the connection really is
The male hormone reset: how GLP-1RAs, lifestyle and testosterone transform obesity-linked problems (external link)
The Aging Male
Cited in Men's health on a GLP-1: testosterone, fertility, muscle, and the things worth watching
Glucocorticoid-induced Fingerprints on Visceral Adipose Tissue Transcriptome and Epigenome (external link)
The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism
Cited in Cortisol, stress, and weight on a GLP-1: what the connection really is
Effects of GLP-1 receptor agonists on male reproductive hormones, semen parameters, and metabolic outcomes: a systematic review (external link)
The Journal of Sexual Medicine
Cited in Men's health on a GLP-1: testosterone, fertility, muscle, and the things worth watching
Tirzepatide versus insulin glargine in type 2 diabetes and increased cardiovascular risk (SURPASS-4) (external link)
The Lancet, 2021
Cited in GLP-1s with insulin or sulfonylureas: understanding hypoglycemia risk
Tirzepatide for maintenance of bodyweight reduction in people with obesity in the USA (SURMOUNT-MAINTAIN) (external link)
The Lancet, 2026
Cited in The history of GLP-1 medications: every approved drug, who made them, and what's coming next, Tapering vs. staying on a maintenance dose for long-term use

Clinical guidelines

Obstructive Sleep Apnea (external link)
American Academy of Sleep Medicine (Sleep Education)
Cited in Getting a sleep study: what to expect and how coverage works
Sleep Study — what to expect from polysomnography and home sleep apnea testing (external link)
American Academy of Sleep Medicine (Sleep Education)
Cited in Getting a sleep study: what to expect and how coverage works
9. Pharmacologic Approaches to Glycemic Treatment: Standards of Care in Diabetes—2025 (external link)
American Diabetes Association, 2025
Cited in GLP-1s with insulin or sulfonylureas: understanding hypoglycemia risk
DCA License Search (California Board of Pharmacy license verification) (external link)
California Department of Consumer Affairs

Reporting

The American Diabetes Association Releases 'Standards of Care in Diabetes—2026' (external link)
American Diabetes Association (press release)
Cited in What the ADA guidelines say about GLP-1 medications — and what changed for type 1 diabetes in 2026
Coming Soon: CMS to Provide $50 Monthly Access to GLP-1 Medications for Medicare Beneficiaries (external link)
Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS)
Cited in The push to get Medicare to cover GLP-1 medications for obesity
Zepbound (tirzepatide) FDA Approval History (external link)
Drugs.com
Cited in Tirzepatide
FDA approves Zepbound (tirzepatide) as the first and only prescription medicine for moderate-to-severe obstructive sleep apnea in adults with obesity

Community experience

Changes are Coming: Medicare Access to GLP-1 Medications (external link)
Obesity Action Coalition
Cited in The push to get Medicare to cover GLP-1 medications for obesity